2.2 Imagingģ-D whole-body images of the volunteers were obtained utilizing a Vectra WB360 camera system (Canfield Scientific Inc.). This study was conducted in accordance with regional laws (Germany) and good clinical practice. This investigation was approved by the Ethic committee of the Ludwig Maximilian University Munich (IRB protocol number: 266–13). Participants were informed about the aims, scopes, and methods of this investigation, and each participant provided written informed consent for the use of both their data and associated images prior to their initiation into the study and capture of their images. Participants were excluded from this study if previous minimally invasive injections of facial neuromodulators, soft-tissue fillers, facial surgeries, trauma, or diseases disrupted the integrity of their facial anatomy. This investigation enrolled a total of 22 healthy volunteer (12 Caucasian, 10 Asian) with a mean age of 29.36 years. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to assess the reproducibility of facial scans using a whole-body imaging device. To the knowledge of the authors, no data about the reproducibility and accuracy of 3-D surface imaging of the face using a whole-body scanner are available. As pointed out, high resolution is of great importance when it comes to depicting the face, as often only small volumetric and spatial changes need to be objectively assessed. A potential drawback of whole-body imaging is the resolution of the created 3-D scaffold. Furthermore, volumetric changes either by surgical intervention as liposuctions, lipofilling, mamma augmentation, or resection of excess tissue as in abdominoplasties or mastopexies can be depicted and objectively evaluated using whole-body scans. 18 Capturing the entire body in its holistic entity allows a better visualization and the use of 3-dimensional surface imaging can be expanded from mere volumetric depiction to surface cartography, which can be for example be used in skin cancer detection. However, new emerging surface imaging systems expanded from the capture of a single area of interest, that is, face or body to capturing the entire body and providing a whole-body scan. 1 Hand-held devices have been shown to be accurate and able to deliver reproducible data. 13- 17 A recent investigation in a cadaveric model showed that volume changes of 0.1 cc can be objectively captured using 3-dimensional surface imaging devices. 8- 12 Especially in facial surgery and minimally invasive interventions, that is, facelifts, reconstructive facial surgery and soft-tissue filler injections, little spatial and volumetric changes need to be captured and detected, which requires the 3-dimensional surface imaging systems to be accurate and furthermore to deliver reproducible data. 1- 7 Surgical planning, patient consultation, intraoperative evaluation of achieved and desired volume changes, and postoperative objective follow-up assessment have been tremendously facilitated using various 3-dimensional surface imaging devices. Even though not directly investigated, it can be hypothesized that the error caused by repositioning the patient between a baseline and a follow-up scan will not be too big to consider measurements performed with the whole-body imaging device as impractical.ģ-dimensional (3D) surface imaging has been shown to be a useful tool in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative setting. The whole-body imaging device investigated in this study can be utilized to capture the face and provides enough accuracy to compare scans. The area with the biggest surface deviation between the superimposed scans was the neck with a root mean square (RMS) of 1.62 ± 1.71, and the area with the smallest surface deviation was the forehead with a RMS of 0.17 ± 0.05. The distance with the smallest statistical significance was found to be at the nose with p = 0.998, while the biggest statistical significance was found in the midface with p = 0.658. Furthermore, surface deviation between two consecutively captured scans was assessed. Predefined distances in the face were performed in each scan and compared. Two consecutive 3-D images using a Vectra WB360 of the volunteers were obtained utilizing a whole-body imaging device. This investigation investigated 220 3-D scans of a total of 22 healthy volunteers (with a mean age of 29.36 years). Thus, the objective of this investigation was to assess the reproducibility of facial scans acquired using a whole-body imaging device. To the knowledge of the authors, no data about the reproducibility and accuracy of 3-dimensional surface imaging of the face using a whole-body scanner are available.
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